Jesus (/ˈdʒiːzəs/ JEE-zuss; Greek: Ἰησοῦς, translit. Iesous; Aramaic: ܝܫܘܥ, translit. Isho; Hebrew: ישוע, translit. Yēšū́aʿ, "He saves"[12] see "Immanuel"; Arabic: عيسى , translit. ʿĪsā; c. 4 BC – c. 30/33 AD), also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ,[e] was a Jewish preacher and religious leader who became the central figure of Christianity and a main figure in Islam.[13] Christians and Muslims believe Jesus is the Messiah; Christians hold the Messiah as the Son of God (Christ) whose New Testament complements the Old Testament, while Muslims believe he was one of God's important prophets and messengers.[14][15][16]
Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed historically,[f] although the quest for the historical Jesus has produced little agreement on the historical reliability of the Gospels and on how closely the biblical Jesus reflects the historical Jesus.[23][24][25] Jesus was a Galilean Jew[13] baptized by John the Baptist who subsequently began his own ministry, preaching orally[26] and often being referred to as "rabbi".[27] He was arrested and tried by the Jewish religious authorities,[28] and turned over to the Roman government, and was subsequently crucified on the order of Pontius Pilate, the Roman prefect.[29]Jesus debated fellow Jews on how to best follow God, performed healings, taught in parables and gathered followers.[29][30] After his death, his followers believed he rose from the dead, and the community they formed eventually became the Christian Church.[31] To most Muslims, Jesus was not crucified but was physically raised into Heaven by God.
His birth is celebrated mainly by Christians on the annual Christmas holiday, his crucifixion is honored on Good Friday, and his resurrection is celebrated on Easter. The widely used calendar era "AD", from the Latin anno Domini ("in the year of the Lord"), and the alternative "CE", are based on the approximate birth date of Jesus.[32][33]
Christian and Muslim doctrines include the beliefs that Jesus was born of a virgin named Mary, performed miracles, and ascended into Heaven, whence he will return.[34] Most Christians believe Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection provide atonement enabling humans to be reconciled to God. The Nicene Creed asserts that Jesus will judge the living and the dead[35] either before or after their bodily resurrection,[36][37][38] an event tied to the Second Coming of Jesus in Christian eschatology.[39] A majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, the second of three persons of a Divine Trinity, and believe he was conceived by the third, the Holy Spirit. Muslims and a minority of Christian denominations reject Trinitarianism, to varying degrees. In Islam, Jesus is most mentioned person in the Quran,[40][41][42] which maintains he never claimed divinity and was not the Son of God.[43] Muslims hold that Muhammad came to restore Jesus' original teachings that were lost or altered over the centuries.[44] Belief in Jesus and all other prophets and messengers of God is a requirement for being a Muslim, and like all other prophets Jesus is considered a Muslim.[45]
Judaism rejects the belief that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfill Messianic prophecies and asserting that his resurrection is a Christian legend.[46]
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